She believed the environment had a strong influence on patient outcomes, and many elements of her Environmental Theory are still practiced today. [101] The Nightingale-Macmillan continuing care unit is now at the Royal Derby Hospital, formerly known as The City Hospital, Derby. [87] It is the highest international distinction a nurse can achieve and is awarded to nurses or nursing aides for "exceptional courage and devotion to the wounded, sick or disabled or to civilian victims of a conflict or disaster" or "exemplary services or a creative and pioneering spirit in the areas of public health or nursing education". The result was Renkioi Hospital, a civilian facility that, under the management of Dr. Edmund Alexander Parkes, had a death rate less than .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}1/10th that of Scutari. Reference this. While this has changed by the 21st century, "Certainly the worst man would hardly torture his enemy, if he could, forever. [g] She wrote a work of theology: Suggestions for Thought, her own theodicy, which develops her heterodox ideas. As of 2016, the Florence Nightingale Declaration has been signed by over 25,000 signatories from 106 countries. Some of the work was damaged and the tenth panel was dismantled for the glass to be used in repair of the remaining panels. Lo! Despite her mother’s interest in social climbing, Florence herself was reportedly awkward in social situations. When the chapel was demolished the window was removed and installed in the replacement chapel. Later, Nightingale became a pioneer in the visual presentation of information and statistical graphics. [73] Her Crimean War statistics had convinced her that non-medical approaches were more effective given the state of knowledge at the time. She prefer… When all the medical officers have retired for the night and silence and darkness have settled down upon those miles of prostrate sick, she may be observed alone, with a little lamp in her hand, making her solitary rounds. Her ideas inspired the volunteer body of the United States Sanitary Commission. References. Nightingale scholar Lynn McDonald has dismissed these criticisms as "often preposterous", arguing they are not supported by the primary sources. [d] Later, Nightingale became a pioneer in the visual presentation of information and statistical graphics. Florence Nightingale, Monica E. Baly and H. C. G. Matthew, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Florence Nightingale, also known as the “Lady with the Lamp,” revolutionized nursing and patient care in the 1800s. [25], Stephen Paget in the Dictionary of National Biography asserted that Nightingale reduced the death rate from 42% to 2%, either by making improvements in hygiene herself, or by calling for the Sanitary Commission. Bridgeman, M. F. (1854–1856), An Account of the Mission of the Sisters of Mercy in the Military Hospitals of the East, Beginning December 1854 and Ending May 1856. letter 4 August 1870, Wellcome Ms 9004/59). The first official nurses' training programme, her Nightingale School for Nurses, opened in 1860 and is now called the Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery at King's College London. It did not portray her as an entirely sympathetic character and draws much characterisation from Lytton Strachey's biography of her in Eminent Victorians. Nightingale was considered a pioneer in the concept of medical tourism as well, based on her 1856 letters describing spas in the Ottoman Empire. Two years later, she provided a report to the commission, which completed its own study in 1863. "Nightingale, Florence (1820–1910)". [91], The Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign,[92] established by nursing leaders throughout the world through the Nightingale Initiative for Global Health (NIGH), aims to build a global grassroots movement to achieve two United Nations Resolutions for adoption by the UN General Assembly of 2008. Later in life, she kept up a prolonged correspondence with Irish nun Sister Mary Clare Moore, with whom she had worked in Crimea. Sidney Herbert served as honorary secretary of the fund and the Duke of Cambridge was chairman. [15], Nightingale continued her travels (now with Charles and Selina Bracebridge) as far as Greece and Egypt. It also discusses the development of nursing theory in general, and Florence Nightingale’s influence in later nursing theorists’ work. She belongs to that select band of historical characters who are instantly recognisable: the Lady with the Lamp, ministering to the wounded and dying. Nightingale's work served as an inspiration for nurses in the American Civil War. In 1912, a biographical silent film titled The Victoria Cross, starring Julia Swayne Gordon as Nightingale, was released, followed in 1915 by another silent film, Florence Nightingale, featuring Elisabeth Risdon. [31] Nightingale told her brother-in-law, in a private letter, that she was worried about contact between her work and Seacole's business, claiming that while “she was very kind to the men and, what is more, to the Officers – and did some good (she) made many drunk”. In October 2010, £6,000 was raised to reposition the window in St Peter's Church, Derby. —, There were rumors that she was tutored by an eminent mathematician who was a friend of the family. Fanny's father (Florence's maternal grandfather) was the abolitionist and Unitarian William Smith. Florence Nightingale's most famous contribution came during the Crimean War, which became her central focus when reports got back to Britain about the horrific conditions for the wounded at the military hospital on the Asiatic side of the Bosporus, opposite Constantinople, at Scutari (modern-day Üsküdar in Istanbul). Hospitals were places of last resort where the floors were laid with straw to soak up the blood. [10][11], Florence inherited a liberal-humanitarian outlook from both sides of her family. Nightingale, F. Notes on nursing: What it is and what it is not. [115], Florence Nightingale's image appeared on the reverse of £10 Series D banknotes issued by the Bank of England from 1975 until 1994. A pub named after her stands close to the DRI. [33], The arrival of two waves of Irish nuns, the Sisters of Mercy to assist with nursing duties at Scutari met with different responses from Nightingale. [b] She preferred the friendship of powerful men, insisting they had done more than women to help her attain her goals, writing: "I have never found one woman who has altered her life by one iota for me or my opinions. Despite her symptoms, she remained phenomenally productive in social reform. It also marks two centuries since the birth of Florence Nightingale, who arguably created the concept of … Her behaviour was said to be exasperating and eccentric and she had little respect for upper-class British women, whom she regarded generally as inconsequential. [54], However, she did have several important and long-lasting friendships with women. She had access to people in high places and she used it to get things done. In 2009, a stage musical play representation of Nightingale entitled The Voyage of the Lass was produced by the Association of Nursing Service Administrators of the Philippines. [11], Nightingale still believed that the death rates were due to poor nutrition, lack of supplies, stale air, and overworking of the soldiers. Florence nightingale’s environment theory 1. Norman L. Johnson, Samuel Kotz (2011). John Wiley & Sons. Strachey included it in The Cause, a history of the women's movement. As the founder of modern nursing, Florence Nightingale’s Environment Theory changed the face of nursing practice. Florence transformed nursing when she got back [from Crimea]. Florence Nightingale, byname Lady with the Lamp, (born May 12, 1820, Florence [Italy]—died August 13, 1910, London, England), British nurse, statistician, and social reformer who was the foundational philosopher of modern nursing.Nightingale was put in charge of nursing British and allied soldiers in Turkey during the Crimean War.She spent many hours in the wards, and her night … The work features nine panels, of the original ten, depicting scenes of hospital life, Derby townscapes and Nightingale herself. However, Seacole pointed out that when she tried to join Nightingale's group, one of Nightingale's colleagues rebuffed her, and Seacole inferred that racism was at the root of that rebuttal. [43] Richards went on to become a nursing pioneer in the US and Japan. After Nightingale sent a plea to The Times for a government solution to the poor condition of the facilities, the British Government commissioned Isambard Kingdom Brunel to design a prefabricated hospital that could be built in England and shipped to the Dardanelles. [47] In the following year she was given the Honorary Freedom of the City of London. Yet the real God is far more merciful than any human creature ever was or can ever imagine. [90], The Nightingale Pledge is a modified version of the Hippocratic Oath which nurses recite at their pinning ceremony at the end of training. in that house of misery She also campaigned and raised funds for the Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital in Aylesbury near her sister's home, Claydon House. She disliked the role the 19th century Church of England would sometimes play in worsening the oppression of the poor. Nightingale came to prominence while serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War, in which she organised care for wounded soldiers at Constantinople. Nightingale’s affluent British family belonged to elite social circles. She recorded that "Clarkey" was a stimulating hostess who did not care for her appearance, and while her ideas did not always agree with those of her guests, "she was incapable of boring anyone." Before the experiments of the mid-1860s by Pasteur and Lister, hardly anyone took germ theory seriously; even afterwards, many medical practitioners were unconvinced. )...Anyone who employs Mrs Seacole will introduce much kindness – also much drunkenness and improper conduct". Introduction • Florence Nightingale was born on May 12, 1820, while her parents were on an extended European tour. Following this, she used a solid Russian-built carriage, with a waterproof hood and curtains. Created in 1893 and named after Nightingale as the founder of modern nursing, the pledge is a statement of the ethics and principles of the nursing profession. [citation needed], A stained glass window was commissioned for inclusion in the DRI chapel in the late 1950s. The carriage was returned to England by Alexis Soyer after the war and subsequently given to the Nightingale training school. Strachey regarded Nightingale as an intense, driven woman who was both personally intolerable and admirable in her achievements. For the 1951 film, see, Recorded to wax cylinder on 30 July 1890, to raise money for veterans of the. [6] Much of her writing, including her extensive work on religion and mysticism, has only been published posthumously. Florence Nightingale /ˈnaɪtɪŋɡeɪl/, OM, RRC, DStJ (12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was an English social reformer, statistician and the founder of modern nursing. Nery, (2015) states that Florence Nightingale’s environmental theory of nursing, “focus primarily on the environment, interpreted as all external conditions and influences that affect the life and development of an organism, that are able to prevent, suppress or contribute to disease and death.” Abstract. "[52][53] She often referred to herself in the masculine, as for example "a man of action" and "a man of business". [29][30] In 2001 and 2008 the BBC released documentaries that were critical of Nightingale's performance in the Crimean War, as were some follow-up articles published in The Guardian and the Sunday Times. Florence Nightingale is one of the pioneers of modern nursing practice and was instrumental in the development of Environmental Theory, a concept which signifies that positive health and wellbeing is in part supported by good hygiene and cleanliness, fresh … �9����.ϙ����?�,N�8�Y#h&�y}� a7��,l������ ��r�f2+x�m6 �_��$@�a��6vrP����ājX�����b�˹��~ȼa�LXs1��PZ��b�1a��(N�w���Ώ���a���/U]'A4��w�L}�1X{�)i�Flʾ�S{��q:��~��/�(����܎��7 [6], Nightingale had a principled objection to having photographs taken or her portrait painted. Britain and France entered the war against Russia on the side of the Ottoman Empire. In 1993, Nest Entertainment released an animated film Florence Nightingale, describing her service as a nurse in the Crimean War. [6], In 2002, Nightingale was ranked number 52 in the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. "Florence Nightingale's Cassandra". On the way, Nightingale was assisted in Paris by her friend Mary Clarke. "[109] Other monuments of Nightingale include a statue at Chiba University in Japan, and a bust at Tarlac State University in the Philippines. Clarkey made an exception, however, in the case of the Nightingale family and Florence in particular. [128], The US Navy ship the USS Florence Nightingale (AP-70) was commissioned in 1942. The Feminist Press, 1979, p. 17. [28] Death rates were sharply reduced, but she never claimed credit for helping to reduce the death rate. Florence Nightingale was born on May 12, 1820, in Florence, Italy. [112] Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy, to British parents who named her after the city where they had traveled on an extended holiday before and after she was born. It is recognised as the knowledge which every one ought to have – distinct from medical knowledge, which only a profession can have". The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America commemorates her as a renewer of society with Clara Maass on 13 August. [80] Adrienne Rich wrote that "... Eleanor Taylor has brought together the waste of women in society and the waste of men in wars and twisted them inseparably. I first learned of Florence Nightingale, the founder of modern nursing, exactly where most people might think someone from my generation would – a Catholic nursing school in the 1970s. AIM: This assignment gives an abridged account of Florence Nightingale’s life, her education, aspirations and career.It also discusses the development of nursing theory in general, and Florence Nightingale’s influence in later nursing theorists’ work. A lady with a lamp I see Florence Nightingale with her tame owl Athena, drawn by her sister Frances Parthenope Verney, Lady Verney (née Nightingale) c. 1850. Seacole's own memoir, Wonderful Adventures of Mrs Seacole in Many Lands¸ records only one, friendly, meeting with her, when she asked her for a bed for the night, and got it; Seacole was in Scutari en route to the Crimea to join her business partner and start their business. She regarded the experience as a turning point in her life, and issued her findings anonymously in 1851; The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for the Practical Training of Deaconesses, etc. [11] A BBC documentary states, "Florence and her older sister Parthenope benefited from their father's advanced ideas about women's education. 2 of 2 by Edward Tyas Cook, "Institute of Our Lady of Mercy, Great Britain", "Florence Nightingale: The Grave at East Wellow", Florence Nightingale's autobiographical notes: A critical edition of BL Add. Her team found that poor care for wounded soldiers was being delivered by overworked medical staff in the face of official indifference. Chaney, Edward (2006). Elaine Showalter called Nightingale's writing "a major text of English feminism, a link between Wollstonecraft and Woolf. Nightingale called a compilation of such diagrams a "coxcomb", but later that term would frequently be used for the individual diagrams. Nightingale's output slowed down considerably in her last decade. She wrote some 200 books, pamphlets and articles throughout her life. [16], Her writings on Egypt, in particular, are testimony to her learning, literary skill, and philosophy of life. All the figures, who are said to be modelled on prominent Derby town figures of the early sixties, surround and praise a central pane of the triumphant Christ. The Union government approached her for advice in organising field medicine. Sailing up the Nile as far as Abu Simbel in January 1850, she wrote of the Abu Simbel temples, "Sublime in the highest style of intellectual beauty, intellect without effort, without suffering ... not a feature is correct — but the whole effect is more expressive of spiritual grandeur than anything I could have imagined. Although not formally a Universalist by church membership, she had come of a Universalist family, was sympathetic to the tenets of the denomination, and has always been claimed by it. [126], Several churches in the Anglican Communion commemorate Nightingale with a feast day on their liturgical calendars. The book served as the cornerstone of the curriculum at the Nightingale School and other nursing schools, though it was written specifically for the education of those nursing at home. They are: Patients should have clean air and a temperature-controlled environment During the Crimean war, Nightingale gained the nickname "The Lady with the Lamp" from a phrase in a report in The Times: She is a "ministering angel" without any exaggeration in these hospitals, and as her slender form glides quietly along each corridor, every poor fellow's face softens with gratitude at the sight of her. She believed noises in the surrounding areas could harm the patient and should be avoided as possible. [10][53], Nightingale's lasting contribution has been her role in founding the modern nursing profession. [129] The last of these planes was retired from service in 2005. Historians now believe that both drainage and devolved enforcement played a crucial role in increasing average national life expectancy by 20 years between 1871 and the mid-1930s during which time medical science made no impact on the most fatal epidemic diseases.[29][30][74]. The god gave her the gift of prophecy; when she refused his advances, he cursed her so that her prophetic warnings would go unheeded. In the same 1861 letter she wrote, "It makes me mad, the Women's Rights talk about 'the want of a field' for them – when I would gladly give £500 a year for a Woman secretary. [72] The strengthened legislation was enacted in the Public Health Acts of 1874 and 1875. For example, a dying young prostitute being tended by Nightingale was concerned she was going to hell, and said to her "Pray God, that you may never be in the despair I am in at this time". "Florence Nightingale.". [78] The best known of these essays, called "Cassandra", was previously published by Ray Strachey in 1928. [45], In 1883, Nightingale became the first recipient of the Royal Red Cross. Nightingale argued that secular hospitals usually provided better care than their religious counterparts. [96], Four hospitals in Istanbul are named after Nightingale: Florence Nightingale Hospital in Şişli (the biggest private hospital in Turkey), Metropolitan Florence Nightingale Hospital in Gayrettepe, European Florence Nightingale Hospital in Mecidiyeköy, and Kızıltoprak Florence Nightingale Hospital in Kadiköy, all belonging to the Turkish Cardiology Foundation. Tan-Feng Chang, CREOLIZING THE WHITE WOMAN’S BURDEN: MARY SEACOLE PLAYING “MOTHER” AT THE COLONIAL CROSSROADS BETWEEN PANAMA AND CRIMEA, (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017), p. 526. La Britannique Florence Nightingale naquit le 12 mai 1820 et mourut le 13 août 1910. Ten times more soldiers died from illnesses such as typhus, typhoid, cholera, and dysentery than from battle wounds. A week ago she was quite sick, but then improved and on Friday was cheerful. In the first half of the 19th century, nurses were usually former servants or widows who found no other job and therefore were forced to earn their living by this work. Professional Nursing Practice: Concepts and perspective, Koernig & Hayes, sixth edition, 2011, p. 100. In her lifetime, much of her published work was concerned with spreading medical knowledge. Nightingale spent the rest of her life promoting and organising the nursing profession. In 1936, Kay Francis played Nightingale in the film titled The White Angel. The treatment there was significantly less expensive than in Switzerland. [66](p107), The Royal Sanitary Commission of 1868–1869 presented Nightingale with an opportunity to press for compulsory sanitation in private houses. [citation needed], A bronze plaque, attached to the plinth of the Crimean Memorial in the Haydarpaşa Cemetery, Istanbul, Turkey and unveiled on Empire Day, 1954, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of her nursing service in that region, bears the inscription: "To Florence Nightingale, whose work near this Cemetery a century ago relieved much human suffering and laid the foundations for the nursing profession. This year marks two decades since the landmark Institute of Medicine report “To Err is Human” launched the modern patient safety movement. London. "[41], Though Nightingale is sometimes said to have denied the theory of infection for her entire life, a 2008 biography disagrees,[40] saying that she was simply opposed to a precursor of germ theory known as contagionism. Influenced from an early age by the Wesleyan tradition,[f] Nightingale felt that genuine religion should manifest in active care and love for others. Florence Nightingale provided a professional model for nursing organization. "After 10 years of sanitary reform, in 1873, Nightingale reported that mortality among the soldiers in India had declined from 69 to 18 per 1,000". Mark Bostridge says, "There appears to be no documentary evidence to connect Florence with J. J. "[81], Despite being named as a Unitarian in several older sources, Nightingale's own rare references to conventional Unitarianism are mildly negative.
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