This was an 829-page, three-volume work, which Nightingale had printed privately in 1860, but which until recently was never published in its entirety. The Dickens character Sarah Gamp, who was more interested in drinking gin than looking after her patients, was only a mild exaggeration. Nightingale was a prodigious and versatile writer. p. 314. As the founder of modern nursing, Florence Nightingale’s Environment Theory changed the face of nursing practice. [115], Florence Nightingale's image appeared on the reverse of £10 Series D banknotes issued by the Bank of England from 1975 until 1994. “Florence Nightingale’s legacy is really, really important. Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) is known for her work in the Crimean War (1854–1856), the founding of professional nursing after it and her pioneering work in statistics, but less for her social research approach to health, healthcare and hospital safety, or … 45844 (England), online article – see documents link at left, "Publication explaining Nightingale's use of 'coxcomb, "Collected Works of Florence Nightingale", "Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery: About the School: History", "Medals and Badges: Florence Nightingale Medal", "2016 – Nurses: A Force for Change: Improving health systems' resilience", "President gives Florence Nightingale Awards to 35 nurses", "Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign", "Nightingale Declaration for A Healthy World", "Country Joe McDonald's tribute to Florence Nightingale", "Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – The Rome Campus", "New temporary coronavirus hospital in name of Florence Nightingale revealed", "Two more UK facilities to be converted into 'NHS Nightingale' coronavirus hospitals", "BBC News – Nurses attend tribute to Florence Nightingale in Derby", "Malvern Museum's Nightingale Exhibit March – October 2010", "The Florence Nightingale Museum (Istanbul)", "Commonwealth War Graves Commission Haidar Pasha Cemetery", "BFI | Film & TV Database | The LADY WITH THE LAMP (1951)", "Mary Seacole Information – Television and Film", "The Top 100 Historical Persons in Japan", Air Mobility Command Museum: "C-9 Nightingale", "Photos: McDonnell Douglas MD-11 Aircraft Pictures", "Florence Nightingale: The Passionate Statistician", UCLA Elmer Belt Florence Nightingale Collection, 1890 audio recording of Florence Nightingale speaking, University of Guelph: Collected Works of Florence Nightingale project, "Archival material relating to Florence Nightingale", Florence Nightingale Correspondence from the Historic Psychiatry Collection, Menninger Archives, Kansas Historical Society, Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign for Global Health, Florence Nightingale Window at St Peter's, Derby, Papers of Florence Nightingale, 1820–1910, Texas Woman's University Special Collections, Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, City University London School of Community and Health Sciences, University of the West of England Department of Nursing and Midwifery, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florence_Nightingale&oldid=1003595998, People associated with King's College London, People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2015, Articles with incomplete citations from January 2020, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Before the experiments of the mid-1860s by Pasteur and Lister, hardly anyone took germ theory seriously; even afterwards, many medical practitioners were unconvinced. ( link ) Described as … While she held that the ideal health professional should be inspired by a religious as well as professional motive, she said that in practice many religiously motivated health workers were concerned chiefly in securing their own salvation, and that this motivation was inferior to the professional desire to deliver the best possible care. For the rest of her life, she continued to campaign for improved sanitary conditions in both military and civilian hospitals. Created in 1893 and named after Nightingale as the founder of modern nursing, the pledge is a statement of the ethics and principles of the nursing profession. [58][c] The offer of burial in Westminster Abbey was declined by her relatives and she is buried in the churchyard of St Margaret's Church in East Wellow, Hampshire, near Embley Park with a memorial of the utmost simplicity with just her initials and dates of birth and death. There was no equipment to process food for the patients. ", Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar. She wrote very little during that period due to blindness and declining mental abilities, though she still retained an interest in current affairs. Nightingale argued that secular hospitals usually provided better care than their religious counterparts. Nightingale called a compilation of such diagrams a "coxcomb", but later that term would frequently be used for the individual diagrams. The god gave her the gift of prophecy; when she refused his advances, he cursed her so that her prophetic warnings would go unheeded. [111] It was adapted as a film of the same name in 1951. Chaney, Edward (2006). This theory held that diseases could only be transmitted by touch. She was the younger of two children. Her behaviour was said to be exasperating and eccentric and she had little respect for upper-class British women, whom she regarded generally as inconsequential. Influenced from an early age by the Wesleyan tradition,[f] Nightingale felt that genuine religion should manifest in active care and love for others. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT: Florence Nightingale - Influence on Nursing Theory 1.AIM: This assignment gives an abridged account of Florence Nightingale’s life, her education, aspirations and career. Florence Nightingale was the founder of modern nursing and supported the ideas that are basic to nursing. "[52][53] She often referred to herself in the masculine, as for example "a man of action" and "a man of business". 2 of 2 by Edward Tyas Cook, "Institute of Our Lady of Mercy, Great Britain", "Florence Nightingale: The Grave at East Wellow", Florence Nightingale's autobiographical notes: A critical edition of BL Add. [57], Florence Nightingale died peacefully in her sleep in her room at 10 South Street, Mayfair, London, on 13 August 1910, at the age of 90. Florence Nightingale, (12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was an English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing. Nightingale believed religion helped provide people with the fortitude for arduous good work, and would ensure the nurses in her care attended religious services. Consequently, she reduced peacetime deaths in the army and turned her attention to the sanitary design of hospitals and the introduction of sanitation in working-class homes (see Statistics and Sanitary Reform, below). )...Anyone who employs Mrs Seacole will introduce much kindness – also much drunkenness and improper conduct". Bostridge points out that in the early 1880s Nightingale wrote an article for a textbook in which she advocated strict precautions designed, she said, to kill germs. The concept of health is not directly included in the theory but its importance can be observed in the model as the aim of the whole nursing practice is to ensure the health of the patient. [93], During the Vietnam War, Nightingale inspired many US Army nurses, sparking a renewal of interest in her life and work. [126], Several churches in the Anglican Communion commemorate Nightingale with a feast day on their liturgical calendars. [15], Nightingale continued her travels (now with Charles and Selina Bracebridge) as far as Greece and Egypt. She belongs to that select band of historical characters who are instantly recognisable: the Lady with the Lamp, ministering to the wounded and dying. It was restored and transferred to the Army Medical Services Museum, now in Mytchett, Surrey, near Aldershot. Florence Nightingale, also known as the “Lady with the Lamp,” revolutionized nursing and patient care in the 1800s. She was the first to use a theoretical founation to nursing. The treatment there was significantly less expensive than in Switzerland. She prefer… She was also a pioneer in data visualization with the use of infographics, effectively using graphical presentations of statistical data. [63], Florence Nightingale exhibited a gift for mathematics from an early age and excelled in the subject under the tutelage of her father. [12] Nightingale's father educated her. [101] The Nightingale-Macmillan continuing care unit is now at the Royal Derby Hospital, formerly known as The City Hospital, Derby. The book served as the cornerstone of the curriculum at the Nightingale School and other nursing schools, though it was written specifically for the education of those nursing at home. [78] The best known of these essays, called "Cassandra", was previously published by Ray Strachey in 1928. [19] Her father had given her an annual income of £500 (roughly £40,000/US$65,000 in present terms), which allowed her to live comfortably and to pursue her career.[20]. It appeared at a time when the simple rules of health were only beginning to be known, when its topics were of vital importance not only for the well-being and recovery of patients, when hospitals were riddled with infection, when nurses were still mainly regarded as ignorant, uneducated persons. In 1904, she was appointed a Lady of Grace of the Order of St John (LGStJ). Her work in the Crimea set the standards for modern nursing. [76] An effort to correct this was made with a 2008 publication by Wilfrid Laurier University, as volume 11[77] of a 16 volume project, the Collected Works of Florence Nightingale. There was an outpouring of generous donations. Nightingale gets a full chapter, but instead of debunking her, Strachey praised her in a way that raised her national reputation and made her an icon for English feminists of the 1920s and 1930s.[75]. Despite her symptoms, she remained phenomenally productive in social reform. Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy, to British parents who named her after the city where they had traveled on an extended holiday before and after she was born. Florence Nightingale /ˈnaɪtɪŋɡeɪl/, OM, RRC, DStJ (12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was an English social reformer, statistician and the founder of modern nursing. Unless God has a scheme that every man is to be saved forever, it is hard to say in what He is not worse than man. Florence Nightingale’s Environment theory Shrooti Shah Lecturer National Medical College Nursing Campus, Birganj 2. As well as a standing portrait, she was depicted on the notes in a field hospital, holding her lamp. Charles Dickens caricatured the standard of care in his 1842–1843 published novel Martin Chuzzlewit in the figure of Sarah Gamp as being incompetent, negligent, alcoholic and corrupt. [130], In 1981, the asteroid 3122 Florence was named after her. On 21 October 1854, she and the staff of 38 women volunteer nurses that she trained, including her aunt Mai Smith,[21] and 15 Catholic nuns (mobilised by Henry Edward Manning)[22] were sent (under the authorisation of Sidney Herbert) to the Ottoman Empire. [42], In the 1870s, Nightingale mentored Linda Richards, "America's first trained nurse", and enabled her to return to the United States with adequate training and knowledge to establish high-quality nursing schools. It is recognised as the knowledge which every one ought to have – distinct from medical knowledge, which only a profession can have". She regarded the experience as a turning point in her life, and issued her findings anonymously in 1851; The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for the Practical Training of Deaconesses, etc. Reference this. She became Herbert's key adviser throughout his political career, though she was accused by some of having hastened Herbert's death from Bright's Disease in 1861 because of the pressure her programme of reform placed on him. The full scope of her influence on contemporary nurses, nursing care and nursing research, and, for example, on social and health reform, including sanitation, hygiene, hospital design and statistics is … [10][53], Nightingale's lasting contribution has been her role in founding the modern nursing profession. [89] The President of India honours nursing professionals with the "National Florence Nightingale Award" every year on International Nurses Day. She generally rejected female company and spent her time with male intellectuals. Seacole's own memoir, Wonderful Adventures of Mrs Seacole in Many Lands¸ records only one, friendly, meeting with her, when she asked her for a bed for the night, and got it; Seacole was in Scutari en route to the Crimea to join her business partner and start their business. Cannadine, David. Nightingale spent the rest of her life promoting and organising the nursing profession. "�Y�x�83��t}�l� �.R�I���"7�A�f0��3��������?n$�0���%v�Æ\���ԙ�D����:yKg�a!N��_[�m8���������_��p�L��o�1L̓E����%|�� ��(�Xd�Ә��a�+ [40] This meant that sick paupers were no longer being cared for by other, able-bodied paupers, but by properly trained nursing staff. "Florence Nightingale's Cassandra". Florence Nightingale is considered the first nursing theorist. She believed the environment had a strong influence on patient outcomes, and many elements of her Environmental Theory are still practiced today. [112] —, There were rumors that she was tutored by an eminent mathematician who was a friend of the family. The environmental theory developed by Florence Nightingale 1 in the second half of the nineteenth century in England, has focused primarily on the environment, interpreted as all external conditions and influences that affect the life and development of an organism, that are able to prevent, suppress or contribute to disease and death 1. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America commemorates her as a renewer of society with Clara Maass on 13 August. NIGH also works to rekindle awareness about the important issues highlighted by Florence Nightingale, such as preventive medicine and holistic health. Clarke demonstrated that women could be equals to men, an idea that Florence had not obtained from her mother. The nurse replied "Oh, my girl, are you not now more merciful than the God you think you are going to? In her lifetime, much of her published work was concerned with spreading medical knowledge. Nightingale's output slowed down considerably in her last decade. Florence Nightingale is one of the pioneers of modern nursing practice and was instrumental in the development of Environmental Theory, a concept which signifies that positive health and wellbeing is in part supported by good hygiene and cleanliness, fresh … Nightingale was also the subject of one of Lytton Strachey's four mercilessly provocative biographical essays, Eminent Victorians. The carriage was returned to England by Alexis Soyer after the war and subsequently given to the Nightingale training school. Her wealthy upbringing meant that she was expected to marry at a young age and become a lady of stature, but Nightingale … [11], Although much of Nightingale's work improved the lot of women everywhere, Nightingale was of the opinion that women craved sympathy and were not as capable as men. Her parents took their daughters to both Church of England and Methodist churches. [32] Nightingale reportedly wrote, "I had the greatest difficulty in repelling Mrs Seacole's advances, and in preventing association between her and my nurses (absolutely out of the question! She is recognized as the founder of … Sylvester.". Nightingale was considered a pioneer in the concept of medical tourism as well, based on her 1856 letters describing spas in the Ottoman Empire. The Union government approached her for advice in organising field medicine. While taken for granted now, it was at the time a relatively novel method of presenting data. In the Crimea on 29 November 1855, the Nightingale Fund was established for the training of nurses during a public meeting to recognise Nightingale for her work in the war. Nightingale, F. Notes on nursing: What it is and what it is not. The two were to remain friends for the rest of their lives. As of 2016, the Florence Nightingale Declaration has been signed by over 25,000 signatories from 106 countries. Yet the real God is far more merciful than any human creature ever was or can ever imagine. In 1951, The Lady with a Lamp starred Anna Neagle. Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) was a legend in her own lifetime and one of the most famous women in British history. She said that if given the choice between being a woman or a galley slave, then she would choose the freedom of the galleys. Bullough, Vera L., Bonnie Bullough and Marieta P. Stanton. [94] The Agostino Gemelli Medical School[95] in Rome, the first university-based hospital in Italy and one of its most respected medical centres, honoured Nightingale's contribution to the nursing profession by giving the name "Bedside Florence" to a wireless computer system it developed to assist nursing. William's mother Mary née Evans was the niece of Peter Nightingale, under the terms of whose will William inherited his estate at Lea Hurst, and assumed the name and arms of Nightingale. During the Crimean war, Nightingale gained the nickname "The Lady with the Lamp" from a phrase in a report in The Times: She is a "ministering angel" without any exaggeration in these hospitals, and as her slender form glides quietly along each corridor, every poor fellow's face softens with gratitude at the sight of her. [102], The Florence Nightingale Museum at St Thomas' Hospital in London reopened in May 2010 in time for the centenary of Nightingale's death. Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 into a wealthy and well-connected British family at the Villa Colombaia,[8][9] in Florence, Tuscany, Italy, and was named after the city of her birth. [d] Later, Nightingale became a pioneer in the visual presentation of information and statistical graphics. Florence Nightingale's legacy not only remains – but has never been more important. [13], Nightingale underwent the first of several experiences that she believed were calls from God in February 1837 while at Embley Park, prompting a strong desire to devote her life to the service of others. There are 10 key aspects of the theory. Florence Nightingale was born on May 12, 1820, in Florence, Italy. When the chapel was demolished the window was removed and installed in the replacement chapel. [14], In Rome in 1847, she met Sidney Herbert, a politician who had been Secretary at War (1845–1846) who was on his honeymoon. She lobbied the minister responsible, James Stansfeld, to strengthen the proposed Public Health Bill to require owners of existing properties to pay for connection to mains drainage. The area in which the hospital lies in Derby has recently been referred to as the "Nightingale Quarter". A nurse who posed for the top right panel in 1959 attended the rededication service in October 2010. [90], The Nightingale Pledge is a modified version of the Hippocratic Oath which nurses recite at their pinning ceremony at the end of training. Medicines were in short supply, hygiene was being neglected, and mass infections were common, many of them fatal. As she sorted out her thoughts, she wrote Suggestions for Thought to Searchers after Religious Truth. In 2006, the Japanese public ranked Nightingale number 17 in The Top 100 Historical Persons in Japan. Hospitals were places of last resort where the floors were laid with straw to soak up the blood. Fanny's father (Florence's maternal grandfather) was the abolitionist and Unitarian William Smith. She also campaigned and raised funds for the Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital in Aylesbury near her sister's home, Claydon House. Her biblical annotations, private journal notes and translations of the mystics give quite a different impression of her beliefs, and these do have a bearing on her work with nurses, and not only at Edinburgh, but neither [Cecil(ia) Woodham-]Smith nor [her] followers consulted their sources.". [48], From 1857 onwards, Nightingale was intermittently bedridden and suffered from depression. The Feminist Press, 1979, p. 17. It was the first secular nursing school in the world, and is now part of King's College London. [7] In recognition of her pioneering work in nursing, the Nightingale Pledge taken by new nurses, and the Florence Nightingale Medal, the highest international distinction a nurse can achieve, were named in her honour, and the annual International Nurses Day is celebrated on her birthday. [b] She preferred the friendship of powerful men, insisting they had done more than women to help her attain her goals, writing: "I have never found one woman who has altered her life by one iota for me or my opinions. "Ever Yours, Florence Nightingale: Selected Letters.". Apparently, the writing served its original purpose of sorting out thoughts; Nightingale left soon after to train at the Institute for deaconesses at Kaiserswerth. Some of her tracts were written in simple English so that they could easily be understood by those with poor literary skills. [18] She also received four months of medical training at the institute, which formed the basis for her later care. �9����.ϙ����?�,N�8�Y#h&�y}� a7��,l������ ��r�f2+x�m6 �_��$@�a��6vrP����ājX�����b�˹��~ȼa�LXs1��PZ��b�1a��(N�w���Ώ���a���/U]'A4��w�L}�1X{�)i�Flʾ�S{��q:��~��/�(����܎��7 [11], Nightingale still believed that the death rates were due to poor nutrition, lack of supplies, stale air, and overworking of the soldiers. [g] She wrote a work of theology: Suggestions for Thought, her own theodicy, which develops her heterodox ideas. [a] She criticised early women's rights activists for decrying an alleged lack of careers for women at the same time that lucrative medical positions, under the supervision of Nightingale and others, went perpetually unfilled. [47] In the following year she was given the Honorary Freedom of the City of London. [26] For example, Nightingale implemented handwashing and other hygiene practices in the war hospital in which she worked. Nightingale questioned the goodness of a God who would condemn souls to hell, and was a believer in universal reconciliation – the concept that even those who die without being saved will eventually make it to Heaven. Florence Nightingale. And we need clear, visible, strong leadership today and certainly in modern nursing,” said Fiona Hibberts, from the Nightingale Academy, a nursing institution at the hospital. The first trained Nightingale nurses began work on 16 May 1865 at the Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary. Nightingale scholar Lynn McDonald has dismissed these criticisms as "often preposterous", arguing they are not supported by the primary sources. [10][11], Florence inherited a liberal-humanitarian outlook from both sides of her family. [49] Most authorities today accept that Nightingale suffered from a particularly extreme form of brucellosis, the effects of which only began to lift in the early 1880s. All the figures, who are said to be modelled on prominent Derby town figures of the early sixties, surround and praise a central pane of the triumphant Christ. [80] Adrienne Rich wrote that "... Eleanor Taylor has brought together the waste of women in society and the waste of men in wars and twisted them inseparably. Nightingale wrote, "Every day sanitary knowledge, or the knowledge of nursing, or in other words, of how to put the constitution in such a state as that it will have no disease, or that it can recover from disease, takes a higher place. Beginning in 1968, the US Air Force operated a fleet of 20 C-9A "Nightingale" aeromedical evacuation aircraft, based on the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 platform. She used methods such as the pie chart, which had first been developed by William Playfair in 1801. It also marks two centuries since the birth of Florence Nightingale, who arguably created the concept of … In 1911, Edward Tyas Cook was authorised by Nightingale's executors to write the official life, published in two volumes in 1913. The recording, made in aid of the Light Brigade Relief Fund and available to hear online, says: When I am no longer even a memory, just a name, I hope my voice may perpetuate the great work of my life. Clarkey made an exception, however, in the case of the Nightingale family and Florence in particular. As a result of her observations, the Environment Theory of nursing was born. During her bedridden years, she also did pioneering work in the field of hospital planning, and her work propagated quickly across Britain and the world. [31] Nightingale told her brother-in-law, in a private letter, that she was worried about contact between her work and Seacole's business, claiming that while “she was very kind to the men and, what is more, to the Officers – and did some good (she) made many drunk”. On the way, Nightingale was assisted in Paris by her friend Mary Clarke. [54], However, she did have several important and long-lasting friendships with women. "Victorian statistical graphics and the iconography of Florence Nightingale's polar area graph,". Her admirers include Country Joe of Country Joe and the Fish, who has assembled an extensive website in her honour. A recent biography cites brucellosis and associated spondylitis as the cause. While her demeanour was often severe, she was said to be very charming and to possess a radiant smile. Florence Nightingale's most famous contribution came during the Crimean War, which became her central focus when reports got back to Britain about the horrific conditions for the wounded at the military hospital on the Asiatic side of the Bosporus, opposite Constantinople, at Scutari (modern-day Üsküdar in Istanbul). [27], During her first winter at Scutari, 4,077 soldiers died there. [55] Her most beloved confidante was Mary Clarke, an Englishwoman she met in Paris in 1837 and kept in touch with throughout her life. [90] The award, established in 1973, is given in recognition of meritorious services of nursing professionals characterised by devotion, sincerity, dedication and compassion. They studied history, mathematics, Italian, classical literature and philosophy, and from an early age Florence, who was the more academic of the two girls, displayed an extraordinary ability for collecting and analysing data which she would use to great effect in later life. "Nightingale, Florence (1820–1910)". And flit from room to room. Her thoghts have influenced nursing significantly. In those days, women of Nightingale's class did not attend universities and did not pursue professional careers; their purpose in life was to marry and bear children. [6] In 1860, she laid the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment of her nursing school at St Thomas' Hospital in London. The first theatrical representation of Nightingale was Reginald Berkeley's The Lady with the Lamp, premiering in London in 1929 with Edith Evans in the title role. Nightingale’s affluent British family belonged to elite social circles. Nightingale was fortunate. In 1858 and 1859, she successfully lobbied for the establishment of a Royal Commission into the Indian situation. Following this, she used a solid Russian-built carriage, with a waterproof hood and curtains. Florence Nightingale is heralded as the founder of modern nursing because of her achievements, ... We found that although hand hygiene is a centuries-old concept… Nightingale focused on altering the environment, person, health, and nursing to promote optimal healing of the patient. Introduction • Florence Nightingale was born on May 12, 1820, while her parents were on an extended European tour. The commission flushed out the sewers and improved ventilation. Strachey included it in The Cause, a history of the women's movement. [103][104], Upon the centenary of Nightingale's death in 2010, and to commemorate her connection with Malvern, the Malvern Museum held a Florence Nightingale exhibit[105] with a school poster competition to promote some events. 1 Florence Nightingale Concept Map Nightingale Theory: It involves the nurse’s initiative to configure environmental settings appropriate for the gradual restoration of the patient’s health, and that external factors associated with the patient’s surroundings affect … Stark, Myra. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT: Florence Nightingale - Influence on Nursing Theory 1. Ten times more soldiers died from illnesses such as typhus, typhoid, cholera, and dysentery than from battle wounds. Nelson, Sioban, and Anne Marie Rafferty, eds. Her father, William Edward Nightingale, was an extremely wealthy landowner, and the family moved in the highest circles of English society. She detailed the health conditions, physical descriptions, dietary information, and other vital details of patients whom she directed there. [citation needed], According to some secondary sources, Nightingale had a frosty relationship with her fellow-nurse Mary Seacole, who ran a hotel/hospital for officers. [43] Richards went on to become a nursing pioneer in the US and Japan. This year marks two decades since the landmark Institute of Medicine report “To Err is Human” launched the modern patient safety movement. Bostridge, Mark (2008). Nightingale's rare references to Unitarianism are mildly negative, and while her religious views were heterodox, she remained in the Church of England throughout her life. Florence Nightingale (12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was a nurse who contributed in developing and shaping the modern nursing practice and has set examples for nurses which are standards for today’s profession.